Something strange is going on in Europe’s power markets. Prices keep dropping below zero.
Solar parks on Spanish plains and wind turbines above Norwegian fjords were so productive in May that a record share of clean electricity flooded the grid. At times, supply vastly exceeded demand, and producers needed to do something with all that energy.
For more than a million consumers, that meant getting free electricity to heat their homes or charge their vehicles. While good for them, the phenomenon is happening so frequently it’s raising concerns among investors about how much more renewable power they can build into an $800bn (€736bn) market before returns start to suffer.
“Negative pricing is going to slow down the deployment of renewable capacity for most players,” said Axel Thiemann, chief executive for solar developer Sonnedix.
“That affects your ability to invest at reasonable levels.”
Electricity is traded on wholesale markets in a similar fashion to oil and gas. Negative prices aren’t new, first occurring in Germany in 2008 as the nation ramped up wind and solar production.
But they were rare, until now.
There was a twelvefold increase in the occurrence of negative wholesale prices last year, according to the EU market monitor known as ACER. An agency report from March called it “an explosion,” with the highest number of instances in the Nordic region.
Germany, Europe’s biggest power market, had about 300 hours with prices below zero last year. That may double in 2024, according to energy analytics firm EnAppSys.
In the UK, the number of negative hours will grow fivefold by 2027 to surpass 1,000, industry consultant Modo Energy said.
“It’s a dynamic that we’ll continue to see,” Anna Borg, chief executive at Sweden’s Vattenfall utility, said in an interview. “We have to live with that.”
Investors and producers are now looking for the best solution. The obvious one is to build more batteries — ranging from freezer-sized installations at someone’s home to rows of freight containers in a field. They would store the excess electricity for distribution at times when the wind isn’t blowing or the sun isn’t shining.
“We need to manage the intermittency in the market,” Statkraft chief executive Birgitte Ringstad Vartdal said in an interview with Bloomberg Television.
“Negative prices are also an opportunity to create value.”
Meanwhile, consumers are taking advantage. A growing number of suppliers are attracting people who realise there are savings to be had by being more proactive and adjusting their consumption to times when prices are lower.
Tibber’s app tracks the wholesale market — hour by hour. When prices dip below zero, some of its 1 million clients get paid.
The firm expanded beyond the Nordics last year, and its biggest growth markets are Germany and the Netherlands, co-founder and chief executive Edgeir Vardal Aksnes said.
More traditional utilities are increasingly offering the same service, too. User Kim Poulsen, who lives north of Gothenburg, Sweden, said:
The growth in subzero prices won’t tail off until the mid-2030s, said Ed Porter, a Modo Energy director. That’s when Europe’s energy storage systems should be big enough to absorb the excess and make a meaningful impact on prices.
There may be a sevenfold increase to more than 50 gigawatts in capacity connected to transmission networks by decade’s end, according to Aurora Energy Research. The UK, Italy and Ireland are the top three markets for storage investment.
The UK is forecast to quintuple energy storage capacity by 2030 through auctions and accelerated battery connections to the network.
Germany is the largest market for residential batteries, according to BNEF research.
Vattenfall is focusing a bigger share of its 40 billion kronor (€3.4bn) investment plan on flexible assets to help soak up surplus electricity. Those includes batteries working in combination with its wind and solar parks, Ms Borg said.